Every 30 Seconds a Baby's Life Is Taken Abortion
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The effect of ballgame on having and achieving aspirational one-year plans
BMC Women'southward Wellness volume 15, Commodity number:102 (2015) Cite this article
Abstruse
Background
Women commonly report seeking abortion in lodge to achieve personal life goals. Few studies have investigated whether an abortion enables women to accomplish such goals.
Methods
Information are from the Turnaway Report, a prospective accomplice written report of women recruited from xxx ballgame facilities across the U.s.. The sample included women in i of four groups: Women who presented for abortion just over the facility's gestational limit, were denied an ballgame and went on to parent the child (Parenting Turnaways, n = 146) or did not parent (Non-Parenting Turnaways, north = 64), those who presented just under the facility'due south gestational limit and received an ballgame (Nigh-Limits, n = 413) and those who presented in the first trimester and received an abortion (First Trimesters, due north = 254). Participants were interviewed by telephone one calendar week, six months and one yr subsequently they sought an abortion. We used mixed effects logistic regression to appraise the relationship betwixt receiving versus being denied abortion and having an aspirational ane yr goal and achieving information technology.
Results
The 757 participants in this analysis reported a total of 1,304 one-year plans. The most mutual one-year plans were related to pedagogy (21.3 %), employment (eighteen.9 %), other (16.3 %), and change in residence (10.4 %). Nearly goals (80 %) were aspirational, defined every bit a positive plan for the next twelvemonth. First Trimesters and Virtually-Limits were over half dozen times as likely as Parenting Turnaways to study aspirational one-twelvemonth plans [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 6.37 and 6.56 respectively, p < 0.001 for both]. Among all plans in which accomplishment was measurable (northward = 1,024, 87 %), Well-nigh-Limits (45.half-dozen %, AOR = 1.91, p = 0.003) and Non-Parenting Turnaways (47.ix %, AOR = ii.09, p = 0.026) were more probable to accept both an aspirational plan and to accept achieved it than Parenting Turnaways (xxx.4 %).
Conclusions
These findings advise that ensuring women tin have a wanted abortion enables them to maintain a positive futurity outlook and achieve their aspirational life plans.
Peer Review reports
Background
Women report having abortions for a multifariousness of reasons related to achieving personal life goals. A contempo national study based on information from the Turnaway written report (which is likewise the information source for the current written report), found that amidst the master reasons for wanting an abortion were: feeling not financially prepared (forty %), non the right time (36 %), and having a babe now would interfere with future opportunities (20 %) [1]. Another national study conducted in 2004 amid 1209 ballgame patients found that the primary reasons for abortion are to mitigate the furnishings of unintended pregnancy on life grade plans [2]. Specifically, amid the top reasons women reported having an abortion were: a babe would dramatically modify their lives, that they could not afford a baby now, that they did not want to be a single mother or had bug with their relationship, and that they were non ready for a kid or another child. Many of these reasons suggest that women felt that carrying the unintended pregnancy to term would interfere with their plans and that abortion would assist them achieve their personal goals.
Kirkman and colleagues reviewed the literature on reasons women have abortions. Of the 19 papers they reviewed that met the inclusion criteria, they found that almost all papers included reasons that are classifiable as wrong timing, "which encompassed a sense of not being set for motherhood and the desire not to disrupt education, work, or life plans"[iii].
Several legal scholars and philosophers have used a gender equality framework to back up ballgame and reproductive rights [4, five]. The gender equality framework contends that the right to abortion is necessary to ensure equality between men and women. Alison Jaggar argues, "The social assignments of caretaking and ofttimes financial responsibility for their children to mothers means that the birth of a child, especially an unwanted kid, often severely disrupts women'southward life plans" [six].
Popular back up for ballgame is oftentimes based on a desire for women to accept access to life opportunities [7]. A recent poll conducted in 2 states in the U.s.a. institute that the public considers maternity or being a primary caregiver as one of the top "things [that] might prevent women from having the same opportunities in life or in piece of work equally men."
Despite the prevalent attitudes that ballgame enables women to pursue life's opportunities, just a couple of studies accept investigated whether an abortion enables 1 to reach specific milestones, and such studies usually focus on educational achievements. For example, a 2-twelvemonth longitudinal U.S. written report constitute that black teenagers from Baltimore who had an abortion were more likely to keep their education than those who carried to term or those who had never been pregnant [viii]. Similarly, a 25-year longitudinal study in New Zealand examined the extent to which ballgame mitigated educational, economic, and social disadvantages associated with pregnancy amid women less than age 21 [ix]. The study found that compared to young women who had unintended pregnancies and carried to term and young women who did non have unintended pregnancies, young women who obtained abortions were more than likely to reach educational milestones. Yet, there were no differences found in accomplishment of economic or relationship milestones. The written report also found that family, social, and educational characteristics were more probable to explain subsequent life outcomes than whether the woman had an abortion.
Both of these studies had a narrow focus—they looked at adolescent women and used predetermined goals such as loftier school graduation. They did non include women across the lifespan nor did they consider the woman's own stated life goals. The one U.S. study was done in a single urban center (Baltimore), and published over two decades ago when access to abortion services and economic conditions were dissimilar. Therefore, findings from that study may not exist generalizable to the electric current U.South. context equally a whole.
Probably the greatest weakness of these studies, is that they did not include advisable comparison groups. Women choosing to have an abortion after an unintended pregnancy may be systematically dissimilar than those who never had an unintended pregnancy or those who chose to acquit to term. Such unobserved factors may confound any furnishings plant between choosing abortion and achieving life milestones. This study overcomes these methodological weaknesses by comparing two groups of women seeking abortion; women obtaining a wanted abortion compared to women denied a wanted ballgame.
Data from University of California, San Francisco'southward Turnaway Study were used to examine the impact of having an abortion on women's ain reported one-year plans. Women who obtained a wanted abortion were compared to women who wanted an abortion but were turned away from getting the procedure considering they presented for care afterward the provider's gestational limit. Commencement, all one-year plans were categorized and information technology was determined whether each plan expressed a positive goal for the coming year (aspirational). It was assessed whether women who were able to accept a wanted abortion were more likely to report an aspirational one-yr plan than women denied an abortion. Second, it was assessed whether women who were able to take a wanted abortion were more likely to attain these aspirational one-yr plans 1 year later.
Methods
The Turnaway Written report is a 5-yr longitudinal study of women seeking abortion. The written report was designed to assess a variety of outcomes of receiving an abortion compared with carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. The report received approval from the University of California, San Francisco, Committee on Human Research. All participants provided informed consent.
From 2008 to 2010, the Turnaway Report recruited women from 30 abortion facilities across the United states of america. Study sites were identified using the National Ballgame Federation membership directory and by referral. Sites were selected based on their gestational age limits to perform an ballgame procedure, where each facility had the latest gestational limit of any facility inside 150 miles. Gestational age limits ranged from 10 weeks to the terminate of the second trimester. Facilities performed over two,000 abortions a year on average [10]. They were located in 21 states distributed relatively evenly across the country.
Women were recruited on a 1:2:1 ratio: women who presented upwards to 3 weeks over the facility'due south gestational age limit and were turned away ("Turnaways"), women who presented up to 2 weeks nether the limit and received abortions ("Near-Limits"), and women who presented in the beginning trimester and received abortions ("First Trimesters"). Since the majority (92 %) of abortions in the U.Southward. occur in the offset trimester of pregnancy [eleven], comparisons betwixt the Turnaways and the Start Trimesters served to assess whether the experiences of women seeking afterward abortions differ from the typical experience of women having abortions in the U.South.
Information technology was anticipated that relatively few women would meet the Turnaway eligibility requirements; therefore, to ensure a large plenty overall sample for assay without being restricted by the low number of women eligible for the Turnaway group, twice as many Well-nigh‐Limit participants were enrolled equally Turnaways or Starting time‐Trimester participants. For this analysis, the Turnaway group was divided into Parenting Turnaways and Non-Parenting Turnaways (which included Turnaways who subsequently had an abortion elsewhere, reported that they had miscarried, or placed the kid for adoption).
Women were eligible for participation if they sought an abortion within the gestational limits for each of the study groups, spoke English language or Spanish, and were aged xv years or older. Farther details on recruitment and methods tin exist establish elsewhere [12, xiii]. After the baseline survey, participants were contacted for a follow-upward telephone interview every vi months for v years. Turnaway Study information for this assay come from interviews done at baseline (one week), half dozen months, and i twelvemonth after they were recruited at their abortion-seeking visit.
To reduce losses to follow up, researchers nerveless detailed contact information and participants' preferred methods of communication and confidentiality protection preferences; they also called women after two months to confirm that the woman'due south master and secondary contact information was still valid. When participants could non exist reached, researchers called each day for up to 5 days. If she still could not be reached, researchers sent up to three follow-up letters past mail or e-mail (co-ordinate to her stated contact preferences) and continued to phone call at the same frequency for a maximum of 10 sequential days. To compensate respondents for their time, each received a $50 gift card to a big retail store upon completion of each interview.
Measures
During the baseline Turnaway Study interview, participants were asked about sociodemographic characteristics, their reproductive histories, and a terminal, open-ended question "How practice you think your life volition be dissimilar a year from now?" which was used to capture respondents' 1-year plans. Respondents were permitted to provide equally long a response as desired. The 6-month and one-year follow-up interviews included questions most whether they were going to school, whether they were working full or part time, what they did for work, their personal and household income, their household composition, their relationships, their children, their life satisfaction, and their emotions regarding the abortion. These items were used to appraise whether women achieved their one-yr plans.
Many women reported multiple one-year plans. Each individual plan in a dataset that was blinded to study group was considered (although some women's plans were suggestive of her study group). Each programme was categorized by topic: Education, Employment, Financial, Child-related, Emotional, Living State of affairs/Residence, Relationship Status, and Other. The Other category included vague plans, plans for personal growth, car ownership, health and other plans that did non fit into ane of the other eight topics.
And so, the outlook of the plan was determined—whether information technology was positive, negative or neutral. This determination was based on the tone of the statement and the qualifiers used. If conclusion was unclear, the program was categorized as neutral. Two researchers reviewed each plan. Identification of a plan as positive or negative required both researchers agreeing. Positive plans are referred to every bit "aspirational."
Finally, survey items in the six-month and i-year interviews that would indicate achievement of the plan were identified. Some specific plans required all co-authors to discuss and agree upon the meaning of the plan and whether our interview items were sufficient to mensurate achievement. The exact timing for residential moves could not be determined so when a program involved a residential move, she was considered to have accomplished the goal if at that place was evidence that she moved by the second year of the study.
Data analysis
First, sample was described, comparing the socio-demographic characteristics of each group to the Turnaway-Parenting group. For all analyses, mixed-effects regression models that included random effects for facility were used, and p-values that adjust for the clustering of participants within each site are presented. The Turnaway-Parenting group was the reference category for all comparisons.
I-year plans were described by topic and past outlook (negative/neutral/positive). Mixed-furnishings multinomial logistic regression was used to appraise differences in proportions among the study groups.
Finally, 2 mixed-effects logistic regression models were conducted: The get-go modeled the likelihood of having an aspirational one-year goal and the 2nd modeled the likelihood of having an aspirational goal and achieving it. Both models assessed the effects of study group and adjusted for baseline covariates: age, race, pedagogy, employment, poverty status, union status, parity, and history of anxiety/low. The unit of analysis was one-year plans and considering some women reported multiple plans, mixed-furnishings models were used to business relationship for clustering by adult female and inside each site. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all comparisons and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), and 95 % conviction intervals are reported. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 13 (Stata Corp, 2012).
Results
Overall, 37.v % of eligible women consented to complete semi-annual phone interviews for five years, with no differential participation by study grouping. A full of 956 women completed a baseline interview eight days after seeking an abortion. One facility was excluded (n = 76) from all analyses because 95 % of women initially denied an abortion obtained one elsewhere, and thus the site did not contribute an adequate sample of Turnaways. 3 women in the Near-Limit abortion group and First-Trimester grouping were excluded considering they reported that they chose non to have an ballgame later agreeing to participate in the study, leaving a last sample of 877 participants at baseline. This analysis was limited to those who completed a one-year follow upwards interview—146 Parenting Turnaways, 254 First-Trimesters, 413 Near-Limits, and 64 Non-Parenting Turnaways (see Fig. i). Of the 877 participants who completed the commencement interview, 86 % also completed the one year follow-up interview with no differences between those with follow-upwards information and those who were lost to follow up in the kinds of plans reported at baseline. The concluding sample of participants in this analysis was 757.
Sample past study grouping
Participant characteristics
The but significant differences in socio-demographic characteristics between the About-Limit Ballgame group and the Parenting Turnaway group (among those with one year follow up data) were age and parity (see Table i). Parenting Turnaways were younger and less likely to accept previous children than Near-Limits. They did not differ significantly by race, education, marital condition, schoolhouse/employment condition, history of child sexual abuse, or history of anxiety or low.
Topics of one-twelvemonth plans
Because each respondent could give multiple one-year plans, the 757 respondents reported a total of 1,304 plans. Among all participants, plans were distributed amidst the following themes: Educational (21.three %), Employment (18.9 %), Other (sixteen.iii %), Changes in Living Situation/Residence (10.4 %), Kid-related (x.3 %), Financial (vii.8 %), Relationship (five.3 %), Emotional (5.ane %), and Don't know (four.five %).
At baseline, approximately one week after receiving or being denied an abortion, women in the Parenting Turnaway group were most likely to mention ane-year plans related to children—significantly more than than Near-Limits, First Trimesters (both p < 0.001), and Non-Parenting Turnaways (p = 0.001).
Parenting Turnaways were significantly less likely to mention 1-yr plans related to employment than Near-Limits (p = 0.045). They were also significantly less likely to mention one-yr plans related to relationships than Almost-Limits (p < 0.045) and Starting time Trimesters (p < 0.002) (run across Fig. two).
Proportion of one-year plans by topic/theme category, by study group, due north = 1,304 plans. % of ane year plans is significantly unlike than Parenting Turnaways at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.001
Outlook of 1-year plans
The majority of one-year plans were aspirational (lxxx.two %), followed by neutral/matter of fact one-year plans (17. six %) and negative 1-year plans (2.two %). The post-obit are examples of typical aspirational 1-year plans in each category (each quoted clause represents a different participant):
Child-related: "Give a skilful life to my kids," "My daughter will be done with the first twelvemonth of high schoolhouse."
Education: "I hope that I volition exist dorsum in schoolhouse," "Finished my education."
Emotional: "I just want to be happy," "Less stressful."
Employment: "have a better job," "Hopefully I'll exist opening my own concern."
Fiscal: "more than financially stable," "more coin," "I am hoping to be able to support me and my daughter on my own."
Residence: "won't live with my parents anymore," "I'll probably exist in a different state, hopefully Australia," "have my own place for me and my son."
Relationships: "I'll be married," "I hope to be divorced," "better relationship," "As long equally I stay away from the person I was with, I'll be 100 % better."
Other: "I'm hoping to take better intendance of myself," "Take my own car," "Practiced, I hateful, I don't know."
Neutral/matter of fact responses virtually frequently included having a child, just also included statements nearly life beingness the same, or life beingness different without further comment suggesting how the respondent felt near it. The following are examples of typical neutral 1-twelvemonth plans in each category:
Child-related: "I guess I volition take iii children instead of two," "Kids will exist older."
Emotional: "This experience has inverse me. I can't quite articulate information technology yet but I imagine it will still exist impacting me a twelvemonth from now"
Residence: "In process of moving." "living situation volition be the aforementioned."
Relationships: "I don't plan on having a family or getting married." "I don't think I desire to have any relationships. Or remember nigh anything similar that"
Other: "I don't know," "I don't think information technology will be any different."
Amongst all groups, there were 30 negative one-year expectations and one-third of these focused on the modify in quality of life and the woman's emotions with a new kid. The post-obit are examples of typical negative one-twelvemonth plans in each category:
Child-related: "More stressful and hectic with having two kids" and "I'll be running back and forth to day care having to pay someone to sentry my child."
Teaching: "I don't remember I'll be going to schoolhouse," "I am going to have to work twice as hard to become through school and stuff."
Emotional: "I'll all the same exist thinking about the abortion," "It will be very different. I don't think I will be happy. It volition be very difficult for me. I don't know what I will do."
Employment: "I believe that I volition be working two jobs, working really hard to support two kids."
Financial: "I retrieve that I will have 4 children instead of three and I will probably have less money," "My living state of affairs is all I can afford."
Residence: "I won't be living with my family and I'll have a kid. I think information technology will be a little chip more challenging."
Other:" I'chiliad living day by 24-hour interval, so I don't know." "I remember that it will be the aforementioned. I don't run across a futurity."
One-yr plans were significantly more likely to exist aspirational amid Offset Trimester (84.iii %), Virtually-Limit (85.6 %), and Turnaway-Not Parenting (80.ix %) groups compared to the Turnaway-Parenting group (56.3 %, p < 0.001 for all comparisons) (see Fig. iii). In a model adjusting for potential covariates, Commencement Trimesters and Near-Limits were over six times as likely as Parenting Turnaways to report aspirational one-year plans (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = six.37 and 6.56 respectively, p < 0.001 for both). Non-Parenting Turnaways were four times as likely to written report aspirational ane-yr plans (AOR = iv.00, p < 0.001). The only other meaning predictor of having an aspirational plan was marital status with married women less probable to have positive one-year plans than unmarried women (70.9 % vs 81.1 %, AOR = 0.56, p = 0.04) (see Tabular array 3).
Proportion of ane-year plans past whether they were negative, neutral/matter of fact or positive, by study grouping, n = 1,304. ***% of ane year plans is significantly different than Parenting Turnaways at p < 0.001
Accomplishment of ane-yr plans
Among the 1,046 full aspirational plans across study groups, it was possible to appraise whether 87.1 % were achieved by i yr using a range of items included in the interview guide. The about common measures used to assess achievement of plans included whether the participant obtained a specific degree or graduated, whether she had a higher income, whether she was in school, whether she was working, whether she moved out of her parents' house and/or living out on her own, whether she moved, and whether she felt satisfied with her life (used to evaluate happiness).
Achievement of 12.ix % (north = 133) of life plans could not be measured because they were either too vague or advisable information to verify if the goal was achieved was unavailable. For example, vague unmeasurable goals included: "I hope and recall I'm going to exist more on track—more stable. Getting everything straightened up" and "Hopefully be in a improve more stable place." Wanting greater stability in the hereafter was a mutual unmeasurable theme. Goals that were unmeasurable also included those for which no information was nerveless such as goals virtually car ownership, being in a skillful human relationship with a new partner, and participants' hopes for family members' achievements.
Amidst the 899 aspirational plans that were measurable, 47.iii % were achieved. In that location was no difference past study group in the accomplishment of aspirational plans amongst women who reported them—Parenting Turnaways: 46.2 %, First Trimesters: 44.7 %, About-Limits: 48.3 %, the Non-Parenting Turnaways: 52.3 % (not shown in tables). Among the measurable aspirational plans, women were most likely to achieve child-related plans (88.nine %), which most often entailed having a new baby. Women were also highly probable to attain their financial (72.ix %) and other plans (72.five) within one year. They were least probable to accomplish their educational (30.9 %) and human relationship condition (eighteen.0 %) plans (Tabular array 2). At that place were no significant differences in achievement within each program type past study group.
Yet, amid all measurable plans (northward = one,024), Almost-Limits (45.6 %, AOR = 1.91, p = 0.003) and Non-Parenting Turnaways (47.9 %, AOR = 2.09, p = 0.026) were significantly more likely to have both an aspirational plan and to accept accomplished it than Parenting Turnaways (thirty.4 %) (meet Table 3).
Discussion
This study found that women who were denied an abortion were less likely to have aspirational one-twelvemonth plans than those who obtained an abortion. Those who were denied an ballgame were more likely to have neutral or negative expectations for their future. Whether or non a person has aspirational plans is indicative of her hope for the future. Without such plans or hopes, she misses out on opportunities to achieve milestones in life.
These findings advise that shortly afterward beingness denied an abortion, many Turnaways may take scaled back their ane year plans knowing that they were going to take to bear an unwanted pregnancy to term. Turnaways likely inverse their one year plans in two ways afterward learning of beingness denied an abortion: Offset, they often incorporated their forthcoming child into their aspirational ane-year plans; these kid-related goals were oftentimes accomplished merely by carrying the pregnancy to term. Turnaways were significantly less probable to have vocational goals compared to women who obtained an abortion, probable because employment-related goals felt unattainable while parenting a newborn. Second, women who were denied a wanted abortion were adjusting to the idea of carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term and likely changed from having more aspirational one-year plans to more than neutral or negative expectations for the future.
The greater focus on human relationship goals among women in the Well-nigh-Limit group may reflect their desires for new and ameliorate relationships; women who take an abortion may feel free to go out poor relationships compared to women who are going to have a child with the man involved in the pregnancy. Indeed, every bit reported in other papers from these data, one-3rd of participants reported their partner as a reason to have an abortion, including poor relationships and undesirable characteristics for fatherhood [fourteen] and women denied an abortion were slower to cease a relationship with the human being involved in the pregnancy compared to Near-Limits who received their wanted abortion [15].
In addition to the straightforward goals of gaining employment or education, many women mentioned personal psychosocial goals they wanted to accomplish. A strength of this study is that many points of data on a wide diverseness of psychosocial and emotional outcomes were available, including life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression allowing us to assess achievement in goals related to mood and happiness which were relatively common. One construct that was not measureable was stability, a common theme amidst women'due south visions for the time to come. Time to come studies should aim to measure life stability also equally other emotional outcomes to empathise how they are affected by pregnancy decisions.
A forcefulness of the written report was the use of appropriate comparison groups to understand the furnishings of ballgame. All of the women in our sample had unintended pregnancies and all sought abortion. Comparing those who were denied an ballgame to those who received a wanted abortion allows usa to command for whatsoever unobserved characteristics that would be associated with abortion-seeking for example, the life circumstances that brought women to their abortion determination. In add-on, confounders thought to affect our outcome measures were controlled for.
While near women in all groups had positive i-year plans, fewer than half of the goals were achieved inside one year. In other words, many women overestimated what they could achieve in one yr.
This study has several limitations. First, the Turnaway report is limited to fewer than chiliad women and many women who were invited to participate declined. This written report's participation rate is in line with other longitudinal studies [sixteen, 17] yet the women who declined to participate may be dissimilar from those who agreed. This analysis enjoyed a relatively high i-twelvemonth follow-upwardly rate (86 %) with no differentials in the kinds of plans reported by those who completed the one-yr interview and those who did not. Additionally, due to sample size limitations, the analysis was unable to determine achievement by specific theme of the goal. Another limitation is that the analysis was unable to evaluate whether all goals were met and for some goals, measurement may take been imprecise, for example, the timing of residential moves. Finally, because many Turnaways probable inverse their goals after learning they were denied an abortion, it could not be determined how ballgame (or existence denied an abortion) affected the women's original goals, before some learned they were going to have to carry to term. Future studies should attempt to appraise personal goals before unintended pregnancy to further understand the effect of ballgame on life course outcomes.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that women who receive a wanted abortion are amend able to aspire for the future than women who are denied a wanted abortion and must carry an unwanted pregnancy to term. Support for a woman to take access to abortion is often based on a belief that when faced with an unintended pregnancy, women who have an abortion have better life class trajectories than women who behave their unintended pregnancies to term. There is a belief that access to abortion is of import for equal opportunities for women and for their financial stability [vii]. These findings provide evidence to support this premise.
Women seek abortion for a range of reasons tied to their individual life circumstances and stage of life and oft for the profound furnishings they perceive that having a baby would have on their life plans. Our assay is unique because it allowed women to express their life program in their own words. This study shows that ballgame enables women to aspire for a better life in the future and accomplish these goals.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Alejandra Vargas-Johnson for her neat efforts coding the ane-yr plans. They as well give thanks Rana Barar, Heather Gould and Sandy Stonesifer for study coordination and direction; Mattie Boehler-Tatman, Janine Carpenter, Undine Darney, Ivette Gomez, Selena Phipps, Brenly Rowland, Claire Schreiber and Danielle Sinkford for conducting interviews; Michaela Ferrari, Debbie Nguyen and Elisette Weiss for project support; Jay Fraser and John Neuhaus for statistical and database help and all the participating providers for their assistance with recruitment. This report was supported by research and institutional grants from the Wallace Alexander Gerbode Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and an anonymous foundation.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
UDU conceptualized the analyses for this paper, reviewed the literature, conducted the coding and statistical analyses, interpreted the results, and drafted the paper. MAB contributed to coding the data, interpreting the results, and revising the manuscript for of import intellectual content. DGF conceptualized and led the overall Turnaway study design, led the data collection, and contributed to coding the data, interpreting the results, and revising the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the concluding manuscript and are answerable for all aspects of the work.
Authors' informations
UDU is a Public Health Social Scientist whose work encompasses two overarching themes: the furnishings of women's empowerment and gender equity on reproductive health and improving access to reproductive health care for vulnerable populations.
MAB is a Social Psychologist whose research is dedicated to better understanding the barriers faced by economically disadvantaged populations in accessing reproductive health services so that policy can exist designed to meliorate their social and health outcomes.
DGF is a demographer who uses quantitative models and analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of family planning policies and the effect of unintended pregnancy on women's lives.
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Upadhyay, U.D., Biggs, K.A. & Foster, D.G. The issue of abortion on having and achieving aspirational 1-twelvemonth plans. BMC Women's Health 15, 102 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0259-i
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-015-0259-1
Keywords
- Abortion
- Unintended pregnancy
- Life goals
- Life plans
- Aspirations
- Outlook
- Achievements
- Milestones
Source: https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-015-0259-1
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